Antipsychotics were discovered in the 1950s. This first-generation class of antipsychotics are known as classical or typical antipsychotics. Atypical antipsychotics were discovered in the 1960s. Introduction of antipsychotics into psychiatric treatment was revolutionary and largely replaced riskier, less ethical treatments
Empathy is the ability to relate on an emotional level to another person’s feelings from their perspective and to some degree is typically accompanied by a mutual expression of emotions. Compassion is a more cognitively mediated variant of empathy where
Many neurotransmitters mediate their actions by acting on both ligand-gated ion channels and G-protein coupled receptors. Using a specific neurotransmitter describe the similarities and differences that this neurotransmitter has on its two receptor types. Glutamate is the most abundant
Induced Pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are cells which have the potential to proliferate to generate cell lines with the innate potential to differentiate into any other cell type found in the organism of extract. In contrast to embryonic stem
Explain the mechanisms of action of nicotine, opiates and cocaine in the mesolimbic reward pathway. Which other brain circuitries could mediate the reinforcing effects of natural rewards and drugs of abuse? The mesolimbic pathway, interchangeably referred to as the ‘reward’
Action potentials are electrical impulses which are responsible for relaying a signal along a neuron and play a key role in intra and inter-neuronal communication. They are triggered by influx and outflux of specific ions which initially causes hyperpolarization of
Metabotropic actions in the brain involves neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and acetylcholine. Describe the broad principles of metabotropic communication, with particular reference to one of these neurotransmitters. Metabotropic communication in the brain is initialized via neurotransmitters binding to
“Mental disorder is vital for administrative purposes” – discuss with reference to contemporary society. Categorizing people with mental health problems is a sensitive issue due to stigmatization and discrimination, but is arguably a requirement for administrative purposes spanning medical, social,
What do specialist teams contribute to community psychiatry? Discuss with reference to at least two teams, invoking relevant evidence. Community psychiatry describes the multiplicity of community-based programs and support teams which largely supplanted psychiatric hospitals in the post asylum
Compare and contrast the psychoanalytic and cognitive behavioural approach to the aetiology of psychological distress. When discussing the psychoanalytic model also make reference to psychodynamic approaches that developed out of psychoanalytic theory. Psychoanalytic approaches have their roots in Freud’s